information for practice

The data presented in this report were compiled between November 2006 and June 2007. Sources included papers in peer-reviewed medical and social science literature, reports from national agencies and international organizations, and direct communication with contacts either in the country of interest or at the agencies and organizations responsible for managing or funding treatment programs and HIV relief efforts. Most of these articles and reports were in English, but some foreign language materials were reviewed, especially when information was not available in English. Data for each of the countries covered in this report were analyzed to identify the extent of the opioid addiction problem and the extent to which maintenance therapy programs meet this need. In cases of conflicting data, conclusions were based on the preponderance of evidence, but if alternatives were credible, these were reported as well. In this report, we focus our attention on 12 countries in Asia, Africa, and eastern Europe that have experienced significant increases in reports of injection drug use, injection-related HIV, or both during the past decade. These countries also receive significant aid from the United States either directly through the President’s Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief or through the Global Fund to Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis, and Malaria.