In recent years, increasing national attention has been focused on the need to find adoptive homes for children in foster care. The Adoption Promotion Act (the Act), passed in 2003, supported these efforts by reauthorizing the Adoption Incentive Program, a key outcome-focused tool for promoting adoption, and also introduced a special focus on the need to find adoptive homes for children ages 9 and older. Congress included in the Act a requirement for a report that presents the strategies and promising approaches being undertaken to achieve permanency outcomes for children in foster care. In keeping with the legislative requirement, this report addresses not only adoption, but also the achievement of other permanency outcomes for children, with a special focus on older children. The challenges faced in attempts to achieve these outcomes are summarized, along with strategies for addressing these challenges. Many examples of Federal leadership are presented, as are State and foundation-led initiatives. The report concludes with a summary of the progress that has been made in addressing these issues and the strategies that show promise of improving outcomes for children in foster care.