Congress is debating whether or not to legalize more than 11 million unauthorized immigrants, as well as stricter border and workplace enforcement. Mostly left out of this debate are the more than 5 million children living in unauthorized families, who, like their parents, would be greatly affected by the outcome of this debate. Because of recent immigration trends, children with immigrant parents—whether legal or illegal—are the fastest growing segment of the nation's child population. The well-being of these children is influenced not only by the legal status of parents, but also by family income and structure; parental work patterns, educational attainment, and English proficiency; health insurance coverage; and access to work supports, such as tax credits, food assistance, and child care. This fact sheet describes the population of U.S. children of immigrants—especially those with unauthorized parents