This report highlights children’s gains in reading and mathematics over their first 6 years of school, from the start of kindergarten to the time when most of the children are completing fifth grade. It also describes children’s achievement in reading, mathematics, and science at the end of fifth grade. Comparisons are made in relation to children’s sex, race/ethnicity, family characteristics (e.g., family type, poverty status, primary home language), the types of schools attended (i.e., public or private), and residential and school mobility.