One of the main limitations of social-science research on altruism is that most research has been based on very restricted, small, non- representative samples, mostly of undergraduate students.1 While work with student, convenience samples can be very useful, especially when experimental designs are utilized, they suffer from serious, external-validity problems and do not tell social scientists and others about the extent of behaviors and values in society-at-large. . . . Four aspects of altruism were examined: altruistic love, altruistic values, altruistic behaviors, and empathy.