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"Proposals for imploying the poor in and about the city of London without any charge to the publick" by Daniel Defoe published in 1713. From the LSE Pamphlet collection.

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Preface
The experiences related in this volume fell to me in the summer of 1902. I went down into the under-world of London with an attitude of mind which I may best liken to that of the explorer. I was open to be convinced by the evidence of my eyes, rather than by the teachings of those who had not seen, or by the words of those who had seen and gone before. Further, I took with me certain simple criteria with which to measure the life of the under-world. That which made for more life, for physical and spiritual health, was good; that which made for less life, which hurt, and dwarfed, and distorted life, was bad.
It will be readily apparent to the reader that I saw much that was bad. Yet it must not be forgotten that the time of which I write was considered "good times" in England. The starvation and lack of shelter I encountered constituted a chronic condition of misery which is never wiped out, even in the periods of greatest prosperity.
Following the summer in question came a hard winter. Great numbers of the unemployed formed into processions, as many as a dozen at a time, and daily marched through the streets of London crying for bread. Mr. Justin McCarthy, writing in the month of January 1903, to the New York Independent, briefly epitomises the situation as follows:-
"The workhouses have no space left in which to pack the starving crowds who are craving every day and night at their doors for food and shelter. All the charitable institutions have exhausted their means in trying to raise supplies of food for the famishing residents of the garrets and cellars of London lanes and alleys. The quarters of the Salvation Army in various parts of London are nightly besieged by hosts of the unemployed and the hungry for whom neither shelter nor the means of sustenance can be provided."
It has been urged that the criticism I have passed on things as they are in England is too pessimistic. I must say, in extenuation, that of optimists I am the most optimistic. But I measure manhood less by political aggregations than by individuals. Society grows, while political machines rack to pieces and become "scrap." For the English, so far as manhood and womanhood and health and happiness go, I see a broad and smiling future. But for a great deal of the political machinery, which at present mismanages for them, I see nothing else than the scrap heap.
JACK LONDON.
PIEDMONT, CALIFORNIA.


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Pennsylvania Hospital is the birthplace of formalized American medicine and many of our nation's "firsts" were achieved on the 8th and Spruce Streets campus -- the first surgical ampitheatre, the first apothecary, and even the first hospital auxiliary. The physicians, surgeons, nurses and administrators who practiced here were are all remarkable and went to great lengths to ensure the success of the hospital. One achievement stands out the most: Pennsylvania Hospital's unprecedented influence on the field of psychiatry. Dr. Thomas Bond and Benjamin Franklin saw the need to care for the increasing number of "lunaticks" who were wandering the streets of Philadelphia during the city's population boom of the mid-1700s. Their famous fundraising efforts led to the formation of the hospital and by the time it opened its doors to patients on February 11, 1753, six of the first people treated were psychiatric patients. A short 30 years later, Benjamin Rush came to the hospital and changed the face of psychiatric treatment in America -- forever.

