I. ki-Swahili (spoken in East Africa)
Given the following Swahili words:
| atanipenda | 'she will like me' | |
| atakupenda | 'she will like you' | |
| atampenda | 'she will like her' | |
| atatupenda | 'she will like us' | |
| atawapenda | 'she will like them' | |
| nitakupenda | 'I will like you' | |
| nitampenda | 'I will like her' | |
| nitawapenda | 'I will like them' | |
| utanipenda | 'you will like me' | |
| utampenda | 'you will like her' | |
| tutampenda | 'we will like her' | |
| watampenda | 'they will like her' | |
| atakusumbua | 'she will annoy you' | |
| unamsumbua | 'you are annoying her' | |
| atanipiga | 'she will beat me' | |
| atakupiga | 'she will beat you' | |
| atampiga | 'she will beat her' | |
| ananipiga | 'she is beating me' | |
| anakupiga | 'she is beating you' | |
| anampiga | 'she is beating her' | |
| amenipiga | 'she has beaten me' | |
| amekupiga | 'she has beaten you' | |
| amempiga | 'she has beaten her' | |
| alinipiga | 'she beat me' | |
| alikupiga | 'she beat you' | |
| alimpiga | 'she beat her' | |
| wametulipa | 'they have paid us' | |
| tulikulipa | 'we paid you' |
Note: The forms glossed "she" could as well be glossed "he," and the forms glossed "her" could as well be glossed "him." The forms glossed "you" are all singular.
1a. Give the morphemes associated with each of the following 18 meanings below:
1b. What is the order of the morphemes in a word?
1c. Supply the probable forms for the following meanings:
1d. Supply the probable meanings for the following forms:
2. Ilocano (spoken in the Philippines)
Given the following Ilocano words:
| píNgan | 'dish' | pipíNgan | 'dishes' | |||
| tálon | 'field' | taltálon | 'fields' | |||
| dálan | 'road' | daldálan | 'roads' | |||
| bíag | 'life' | bibíag | 'lives' | |||
| nuáN | 'carabao' | nunuáN | 'caribao' | |||
| úlo | 'head' | ulúlo | 'heads' |
Note: "N" is a single sound that corresponds to the <ng> in English "singer", and the accent in each word indicates the emphasized syllable of the word.
2a. Describe the form of the affix that is used to create the plural. How is the affix formed? (Be sure to be make clear exactly how much is involved.)
2b. Given múla 'plant,' what would be the most likely form meaning 'plants'?
2c. Given tawtáwa 'windows,' what would be the most likely form meaning 'window'?
3. Etymologies
The vocabulary of English consists of native words as well as thousands of loan words. Look up the following words in a dictionary that provides their etymologies. Speculate how each word came to be borrowed from the particular language. Example: Skunk was a Native American term for an animal unfamiliar to the European colonists, so they borrowed that word into their vocabulary so they could refer to the creature.
a. size
b. royal
c. aquatic
d. heavenly
e. skill
f. ranch
g. blouse
h. robot
i. check
j. banana
k. keel
l. fact
m. potato
n. muskrat
o. skunk
p. catfish
q. hoodlum
r. filibuster
s. astronaut
t. emerald
u. sugar
v. pagoda
w. khaki
x. shampoo
y. kangaroo
z. bulldoze