Appendix Eight:
State policy, research, etc.

American Association of State Colleges and Universities (AASCU). Report of the States. 1994 Annual Budget and Fiscal Survey of AASCU State Representatives. Washington, D.C.: AASCU (June 1994).

American Council on Education (ACE). "New Report: States Increase Higher Education Spending for FY 2008." Washington, D.C.: ACE (August 28, 2007).

Anderson, J. and M. Mumper. "Maintaining Public College Affordability in the 1980s: How did the States Do?" Journal of Education Finance No. 2, Vol. 19 pp. 183-199 (1993).

Arenson, Karen W. "New York Offers a Tax Break for Saving for College Expenses." New York Times (September 29, 1998).

Arenson, Karen W. "Panel Urges More College Assistance for Poor." The New York Times (March 9, 2000).

Arnone, Michael. "State Spending on Colleges Increases at Lowest Rate in a Decade." The Chronicle of Higher Education (December 13, 2002).

Arnone, Michael. "Most States Increased Spending on Student Aid in 2001-02, Survey Finds." The Chronicle of Higher Education (April 24, 2003).

Arnone, Michael. "State Spending on Collges Drops Over All for First Time in 11 Years." The Chronicle of Higher Education (January 8, 2004).

Arnone, Michael. "States Continued to Increase Spending on Student Aid in 2002-03, Survey Finds." The Chronicle of Higher Education (May 28, 2004).

Basinger, Julianne. "California Legislature Urged to Raise Tuition to Offset Federal Tax Credits." Chronicle of Higher Education Daily News (February 16, 1998).

Bernstein, Emily M. "Plan Offered To Revamp SUNY System." Pataki Appointees Seek To Decentralize Tuition. New York Times (November 7, 1995).

Blaney, Dorothy. "Who Should Pay the Bill for a Private Education?" (and Letters to the Editor). The Chronicle of Higher Education (April 2, 2004).

Blumenstyk, Goldie. "State Supreme Court Upholds U. of Vermont in Tuition-Rate Case." Chronicle of Higher Education (September 18, 1998).

Borrego, Anne Marie. "When You Can't Wait for Money." For a college with a small endowment, fund raising has to yield results now. The Chronicle of Higher Education (August 2, 2002).

Breneman, David W. A State of Emergency? Higher Education in California. A Report from The California Higher Education Policy Center (February 1995).

Breneman, David W. "Sweeping, Painful Changes." Chronicle of Higher Education, p. B1 (September 8, 1995).

Breneman, David W. "The 'Privatization' of Public Universities: Mistake or Model?" Chronicle of Higher Education, p. B4 (March 7, 1997).

Breneman, David W. "For Colleges, This Is Not Just Another Recession." The Chronicle of Higher Education (June 14, 2002).

Brooke, James. "Colorado Tries College Aid Based on Need, Not on Race." New York Times (January 16, 1996).

Brownstein, Andrew. "Tuition Increases at Public and Private Colleges Are Largest in Years, Survey Reports." The Chronicle of Higher Education (October 24, 2001).

Chronicle of Higher Education. "The Outlook for Higher Education in the 50 State Legislatures This Year." In Government and Politics (January 5, 1996).

CICU (Commission on Independent Colleges and Universities). "Report on Family Incomes of New York State Students; SUNY vs. Independent Colleges and Universities." Albany, NY: CICU (October 1992).

CICU (Commission on Independent Colleges and Universities). Forum on Higher Education Public Policy, co-sponsored with the Council of Governing Boards (CGB), at the New York Marriott Marquis Hotel (November 10, 1994).

College Savings Plan Network. Special Report on State College Savings Plans. Lexington, KY: Council of State Governments (1996).

Commission on New York State Student Financial Aid: Summit meeting in New York City, December 1998. Prepared testimony includes (1) Background Paper by Richard P. Mills, New York State Commisioner of Education; (2) Untitled testimony by William C. Cheetham, President of New York State Financial Aid Administrators Association (NYSFAAA); (3) Untitled testimony by Geoffrey J. Flynn, Vice President of New York State Higher Education Services Corporation (HESC); (4) "Higher Education Opportunity Programs and Financial Aid: Implication on Policy" by Rodger J. Smith, President of Higher Education Opportunity Program (HEOP); (5) Untitled testimony by Robert D. James, Associate Provost for Opportunity Programs, State University of New York (SUNY); (6) Untitled testimony by Dolores Y. Straker, Interim Associate Dean, Office of Academic Affairs, City University of New York (CUNY); (7) "The Tuition Assistance Program: Changes to Improve its Service to Students" by Kirstin Swanson, President of Student Association of the State University of New York (SASU); (8) Unititled testimony by Bryan J. Gorman, Executive Director of Independent Student Coalition (ISC); (9) Untitled testimony by Thomas F. Egan, Chairman of SUNY Board of Trustees, and Scott W. Steffey, Vice Chancellor for University and Government Relations; (10) Untitled testimony by Stephen J. Jerome, President of Monroe College.

Cooper, Kenneth J. "The Well-to-Do at the Public U." Increasingly, Affluent Students Are Choosing State, Not Private, Colleges. The Washington Post (November 25, 1999).

Curtin, Dave. "Vouchers: Higher-ed savior? Proponents say bill to spur enrollment." The Denver Post (December 13, 2002).

Dao, James. "Pataki Plans Aid Cuts at SUNY And CUNY, Forcing a Fee Hike." New York Times (January 31, 1995).

Davis, Jerry S. College Affordability: Overlooked Long-Term Trends and Recent 50-State Patterns. Indianapolis, IN: USA Group Foundation (November 2000).

Ehrenberg, Ronald G. "The Perfect Storm and the Privatization of Public Higher Education." Presented as the 2006 Howard R. Bowen Lecture at the Henry B. Tippie College of Business at The University of Iowa (April 5, 2006).

Field, Kelly. "Federal Panel on Higher Education Releases Papers on Adult Learners and Other Issues." The Chronicle of Higher Education (May 1, 2006).

Firestone, David. "Free-Tuition Program Transforms the University of Georgia." The New York Times (February 4, 2001).

Fischer, Fred. "State Financing of Higher Education: A New Look at an Old Problem." Change magazine (1990 Jan/Feb).
Bobst: LB2300.C38 V 17- Micro 1984-

Fischer, Karin. "State Spending on Colleges Bounces Back." Growth is fastest in 5 years; institutions begin to recover from past budget woes. The Chronicle of Higher Education (January 13, 2006).

Fischer, Karin. "State and Local Per-Student Spending Is at 25-Year Low, Report Says." The Chronicle of Higher Education (March 22, 2006).

Fish, Stanley. "Colleges Caught in a Vise." The New York Times (September 18, 2003).

Fitzgerald, Brian. "The Opportunity for a College Education: Real Promise or Hollow Rhetoric?" About Campus (November-December 2003).

Fogarty, Thomas. "College Savings Plans Take Off." Tax-deferred state programs can cover tuition cost. USA Today (December 16, 1999).

Franey, Lynn. "Missouri, Kansas colleges facing stiff tuition increases." The Kansas City Star (January 14, 2002).

Gose, Ben. "Government Must Resolve Tuition-Discounting Predicament, Most Administrators Agree." The Chronicle of Higher Education (February 7, 2000).

Griswold, C. and Marine G. Minton. "Political Influences on State Policy: Higher Tuition, Higher Aid, and the Real World." The Review of Higher Education Volume 19, Number 4, pages 361-389 (Summer 1996). Student Report only (class file).

Halstead, Kent. State Profiles: Financing Public Higher Education 1978 to 1992. Washington, D.C.: Research Associates of Washington (October 1992).

Hansen, W. Lee and Burton A. Weisbrod. "The Distribution of Costs and Direct Benefits of Public Higher Education: The Case of California." Journal of Human Resources Vol. 4, No. 2 (Spring 1969). Also see Student Report (class file).

Harrington-Lueker, Donna. "States Tighten Squeeze on Student Wallets." USA Today (September 3, 2003).

Harvey, Kelly. "Prepaid Tuition Plans: Are the Benefits worth the Risks?" NYU term paper for Financing Higher Education (April 1997).

Healy, Patrick. "Massachusetts Starts Novel Program to Help Families Pay Tuition." Chronicle of Higher Education (February 3, 1995).

Healy, Patrick. "Tug of War Over Student Aid Moves to the State Capitals." Chronicle of Higher Education (February 10, 1995).

Healy, Patrick. "Power of the State." Michigan colleges wary of state plan that links tax breaks and caps on tuition. Chronicle of Higher Education (August 18, 1995).

Healy, Patrick. "Pay Now, Study Later." More state legislatures are moving to create prepaid tuition programs. Chronicle of Higher Education (May 31, 1996).

Healy, Patrick. "Treasury Department Plans New Bonds That Could Help Pay for College Costs." Chronicle of Higher Education (May 31, 1996).

Healy, Patrick. "N.Y. Lawmakers Asked to Consider Allowing SUNY Tuition to Vary." Chronicle of Higher Education (January 17, 1997).

Healy, Patrick. "Magazine Ranks States' Tuition-Savings Programs" The Chronicle of Higher Education (January 12, 1999).

Hearn, S. and M. Anderson. "Studying the Impact of Student Aid on Institutions." Integration Postsecondary Education Financing Policies: The Minnesota Model (pp. 55 to 75). San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass Inc. (1989). Student Report only (class file).

Hebel, Sara. "Virginia Lawmakers Approve a 20% Cut in Public-College Tuition." The Chronicle of Higher Education (March 12, 1999).

Hebel, Sara. "Virginia Panel Endorses Plan for Performance-Based Financing of Colleges." The Chronicle of Higher Education (May 19, 1999).

Hebel, Sara. "Public Colleges Feel Impact of the Economic Downturn." Many are being forced to enact large tuition increases; others face budget uncertainty. The Chronicle of Higher Education (July 20, 2001).

Hebel, Sara. "Colorado Eyes a Voucher System to Ease Financial Strain." The Chronicle of Higher Education (November 8, 2002).

Hebel, Sara. "Led by Colorado, States Weigh New Approaches to Financing Colleges." The Chronicle of Higher Education (March 26, 2004).

Hebel, Sara. "Need-Based Aid Is Biggest Influence on Students' Ability to Attend College, Report Says." The Chronicle of Higher Education (April 7, 2004).

Hebel, Sara. "Colorado Lawmakers Pass Bill That Would Send State Money to Students Instead of Institutions" The Chronicle of Higher Education (April 28, 2004).

Hebel, Sara. "State Spending on Higher Education Up Slightly, a Reversal From Previous Year." The Chronicle of Higher Education (December 17, 2004).

Hebel, Sara. "Push for Tuition Predictability." States weigh plans to set rates more rationally, but skeptics worry that the changes would only increase students' financial burden. The Chronicle of Higher Education (May 16, 2005).

Hebel, Sara. "Price Not a Barrier to College for Most Pennsylvanians, Study Finds." The Chronicle of Higher Education (April 21, 2006).

Hershey Jr., Robert D. "Suddenly, State Universities Have More Allure." The New York Times (November 10, 2002).

Herzlinger, Regina E. and Frances Jones. "Pricing Public Sector Services: The Tuition Gap." ASHE Reader (see Leslie, Larry L. ASHE Reader). Also see Student Report (class file).

Hines, Edward R. State Higher Education Appropriations 1992-93. Denver, CO: State Higher Education Executive Officers (March 1993).

Hines, Edward R. State Higher Education Appropriations 1994-95. Denver, CO: State Higher Education Executive Officers (March 1995).

Hines, Edward R. "State Higher Education Appropriations: A Retrospective of Fiscal Year 1995." Grapevine (November-December 1994).

Honan, William H. "State Universities Reshaped In the Era of Budget Cutting." New York Times (February 22, 1995).

Hovey, H.A. State Spending of Higher Education in the Next Decade. State policy research for the National Center for Public Policy and Higher Education (1999). Student Report only (class file).

Johnstone, D. Bruce. "Starting Points: Fundamental Assumptions Underlying the Principles and Policies of Federal Financial Aid to Students." Paper commissioned by the U.S. Department of Education for the National Conference on the Best Ways for the Federal Government to Help Students and Families Finance Higher Education (October 8, 1995).

Kim, Anne. "University of Washington Considers High Tuition-High Aid Model." Seattle Post-Intelligencer (September 5, 2005).

Klein, Alyson. "States Move to Limit Increases in Tuition." Colleges say raising fees is the only way they can make up for budget cuts. The Chronicle of Higher Education (March 5, 2004).

Layzell, Daniel T. and Jan W. Lyddon. Budgeting for Higher Education at the State Level: Enigma, Paradox and Ritual, Washington D.C.: ASHE-ERIC Higher Education Report #4 (1990). Also see Student Report (class file).
Bobst: LB2342.4.U6L39 1990

Lederman, Douglas. "California's Low Tuition Model Questioned." Inside Higher Education (March 7, 2007).

Lewin, Tamar. "Study Gives States Low Marks in Making College Affordable." The New York Times (October 2, 2002). See report at measuringup.highereducation.org and related article at chronicleOct1102.pdf.

Lively, Kit. "Better Days in the States." Spending on higher eduction rises, but still the growth barely outpaces inflation. Chronicle of Higher Education (October 20, 1995).

Lumina Foundation for Education. Unequal Opportunity: Disparities in College Access Among the 50 States. Indianapolis, IN: Lumina Foundation (2002).

Margulies, Jonathan. "Grading the States." -- Group's second "report card" finds some improvement since 2000, but still awards many C's. The New York Times (October 11, 2002). See report at measuringup.highereducation.org and related article at nytimesOct0202.pdf.

McCall, H. Carl. "New York State's Higher Education Policy Vacuum." Report from Office of the State Comptroller. Albany, NY: State Comptroller (September 1998).

McGuinness Jr., Aims C. "The States' Role in Financing Higher Education: A Perspective." In Hauptman, Arthur M. and Robert H. Koff New Ways of Paying for College, pp. 184-198. (See Hauptman). American Council on Education/MacMillan series in Higher Education, NY (1991). Student Report only (class file).

McGuinness Jr., Aims C. Alternatives for the Future Funding of Higher Education: The Role of the States. Brookings Institution Conference on Changing Roles and Responsibilities in Financing Higher Education, Washington, D.C. (December 1988).

Mercer, Joye. "States Weigh bills to End Colleges' Tax-Exempt Status." Chronicle of Higher Education (February 23, 1994).

Mingle, James R. "Goals for Federal/State Policy in the 21st Century: Affordability, Mobility, and Learning Productivity." Paper commissioned for the National Conference on the Best Ways for the Federal Government to Help Students and Families Finance Higher Education (October 8, 1995).

Minnesota Higher Education Coordinating Board. The Final Report of the Task Force on the Future Funding of Postsecondary Education, part VI (January 1983).

Morgan, Richard. "New York Governor Proposes Delay in Some Need-Based Financial Aid as Graduation Incentive." The Chronicle of Higher Education (January 23, 2002).

Morgan, Richard. "Students at Public Colleges Brace for Large Tuition Increases." The Chronicle of Higher Education (March 22, 2002).

Mortenson, Thomas G. "The State Record and Outlook for Fiscal Year 1994 for Financing Postsecondary Education Opportunity." Postsecondary Education Opportunity (December 1992).

Mortenson, Thomas G. "The Vermont Model of Financing Higher Education Opportunity." Postsecondary Education Opportunity (February 1993). Also see Student Report (class file).

Mortenson, Thomas G. "State Student Financial Aid Reached Record Levels in 1992-93." Postsecondary Education Opportunity (June 1993).

Mortenson, Thomas G. "State Appropriations for FY94 and FY95: Better for Higher Education But Still Not a High State Priority." Postsecondary Education Opportunity (February 1994).

Mortenson, Thomas G. "Restructuring Higher Education Finance: Shifting Financial Responsibility from Government to Students." Paper from the Eleventh Annual Financial Aid Research Network Conference of the National Association of State Scholarship and Grant Programs and the National Council of Higher Education Loan Programs. San Francisco (April 7, 1994).

Mortenson, Thomas G. "Updating the Refinancing of Higher Education through the National Income and Product Accounts." Postsecondary Education Opportunity (February 1995).

National Association of State Student Grant and Aid Programs (NASSGAP). Annual NASSGAP Survey Reports. State Funded Scholarship/Grant Programs for Students to Attend Postsecondary Education Institutions. Albany, NY: NYSHESC.

National Association of Student Financial Aid Administrators (NASFAA). Chart of State College Savings Plans. Washington, D.C.: NASFAA (February 2002).

National Center for Education Statistics (NCES). State Aid For Undergraduates in Postsecondary Education. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of Education (March 1999).

National Center for Education Statistics (NCES). Study of College Costs and Prices, 1988-89 to 1997-98. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of Education (December 2001).

National Center for Public Policy and Higher Education. Losing Ground: A National Status Report on the Affordability of American Higher Education. San Jose, CA: NCPPHE (May 2002). See also: Slamming Shut The Doors To College: The State Budget Crisis and Higher Education.

New York State Education Department -- Office of Higher Education, Albany, NY.

New York State. "Governor Pataki Signs Historic College Tuition Savings Plan Bill." Executive chamber press release (September 10, 1997).

New York Times. "Tuition Prepayment Gains Favor as College Costs Skyrocket." (August 21, 1996).

The Northwest Indiana Times "Universities Prepare For New Tuition Guarantee." By the Associated Press. (July 1, 2003).

O'Neill, James M. "Tuition could rise steeply in fall, colleges say." The Philadelphia Inquirer (March 10, 2002).

Owen, Mary. "Should Community-College Tuition Be Eliminated?" Proposal in Nortrh Carolina reflects a broad debate about how best to attract students and use limited state dollars. Chronicle of Higher Education (July 3, 1998).

Passell, Peter. "Public Universities See Sharp Rise in Students From Wealthy Families." New York Times (August 13, 1997).

Potter, Will. "One-Two Punch of Spending Cuts and Tuition Increases Is 'Assault' on Higher Education, Report Says." The Chronicle of Higher Education (February 11, 2003).

Regents Commission on Higher Education. "Sharing the Challenge." University of the State of New York: Report of the New York State Regents Commission on Higher Education. Albany, NY: State Education Department (September 1993). Also see Student Report (class file).

Roanoke Times. "For academic excellence, someone has to pay." The Roanoke Times (November 24, 2003).

Rockefeller, Nelson A. Institute of Government. Performance Funding and Budgeting for Public Higher Education: Current Status and Future Prospects. Albany, NY: SUNY (1997).

Rocky Mountain News. "State Higher Ed Still Affordable." (September 19, 2004).

Roth, Andrew P. "Who Benefits From States' College-Savings Plans?" The Chronicle of Higher Education (January 19, 2001).

Russakoff, Dale and Amy Argetsinger. "States Plan Big Tuition Increases" Budget Woes Lift College Costs As Much as 40%. The Washington Post (July 22, 2003).

Schmidt, Peter. "Higher Education Gets Largest Increase From States Since 1990." Chronicle of Higher Education (November 1, 1996).

Schmidt, Peter. "State Appropriations for Colleges Increase at Highest Rate Since 1990." Much of the new money will pay for technology and improvements for 2-year institutions. Chronicle of Higher Education (November 14, 1997).

Schmidt, Peter. "State Lawmakers Share the Wealth With Colleges and Their Students." Merit scholarships and campus-construction budgets grow in an election year. Chronicle of Higher Education (September 11, 1998).

Schmidt, Peter. "States Rush to Set Up Programs to Help Families Save for College Costs." Chronicle of Higher Education (February 19, 1999).

Schmidt, Peter. "State Spending on Higher Education Rises 6.7% in 1998-99, Study Says." The Chronicle of Higher Education (November 23, 1998).

Schmidt, Peter and Jeffrey Selingo. "Colleges Hope 1999 Legislatures Will Provide Financial Security." The Chronicle of Higher Education (January 8, 1999).

Schmidt, Peter. "Michigan's Governor Pushes Formulas as Route to Fairness in Appropriations." Some legislators object, arguing that their role in allocating funds to colleges would be usurped. The Chronicle of Higher Education (May 21, 1999).

Schmidt, Peter. "States Make Healthy Increases in Spending on Higher Education." Budgets for student aid and faculty salaries are up; accountability measures are also popular. The Chronicle of Higher Education (June 25, 1999).

Schmidt, Peter. "New Tuition and Budget Policies Force Public Colleges to Compete for Students." The Chronicle of Higher Education (June 25, 1999).

Schmidt, Peter. "As Economy Chugs Along, States Pour Money Into Higher Education." Annual study finds 7-percent increase in spending on colleges, the biggest rise of the 1990s.

Schmidt, Peter. "Report Criticizes Upper- and Middle-Class Focus of Merit-Based State Scholarships." The Chronicle of Higher Education (January 27, 2000). See report: State Student Financial Aid: Tough Choices and Trade-Offs for a New Generation. Washington, D.C.: AASCU (February 2000).

Schmidt, Peter. "Boom in Savings Plans Is Changing the Way Families Pay for College." Programs compete by offering more flexibility and better returns. The Chronicle of Higher Education (April 14, 2000).

Schmidt, Peter. "States' Contributions to Student Aid Climbed 8.8 Percent Last Year, Survey Finds." The Chronicle of Higher Education (April 13, 2000).

Schmidt, Peter. "Texas' New Governor Seeks to Give Bulk of Aid Directly to Students." The Chronicle of Higher Education (January 4, 2001).

Schmidt, Peter. "States' Student-Aid Spending Grew by 12.6 Percent in 1999-2000, Survey Finds." The Chronicle of Higher Education (April 19, 2001).

Schmidt, Peter. "State Spending on Higher Education Grows by Smallest Rate in 5 Years." Funds increased by 4.6%, but 13 states failed to keep pace with inflation. The Chronicle of Higher Education (January 18, 2002).

Schmidt, Peter. "State Spending on Student Aid Has Surged in Recent Years, Study Finds." The Chronicle of Higher Education (April 26, 2002).

Schmidt, Peter. "Governor of South Carolina Offers to Let Some Public Colleges Go Private." The Chronicle of Higher Education (December 8, 2003).

Schmidt, Peter. "State Spending on Higher Education Has Remained Steady, Despite Claims to the Contrary, Report Says." The Chronicle of Higher Education (July 16, 2004).

Schmidt, Peter. "10-Year 'Report Card' on Higher Education Spurs Calls for Reforms." The Chronicle of Higher Education (September 16, 2004).

Selingo, Jeffrey. "Report Blames Shifting State Support for Fivefold Increase in College Tuition Costs." Chronicle of Higher Education (February 10, 1999). See report The Tuition Puzzle: Putting the Pieces Together.

Selingo, Jeffrey. "Many States Raised Spending on Need-Based Aid in 1997-98, Survey Finds." Chronicle of Higher Education (April 29, 1999).

Selingo, Jeffrey. "State Spending on Aid for Needy Students Increases by 6%, Survey Finds." Chronicle of Higher Education (May 7, 1999).

Selingo, Jeffrey. "As Alabama Lottery Campaign Heats Up, Colleges Maneuver for Best Position." 2-year and 4-year, public and private institutions are vying for different needs. The Chronicle of Higher Education (October 8, 1999).

Selingo, Jeffrey. "Massachusetts Governor Proposes Higher-Education Overhaul That Would Split UMass System." The Chronicle of Higher Education (February 27, 2003).

Southern Regional Education Board (SREB) Distance Learning Policy Laboratory. Using Finance Policy to Reduce Barriers to Distance Learning. (August 2002).

Southern Regional Education Board (SREB) Distance Learning Policy Laboratory. Creating Financial Aid Programs That Work for Distance Learners. (September 2002).

St. John, Edward P. "A Framework for Reexamining the State Resource Management Strategies in Higher Education." Journal of Higher Education, #62 (3), pp. 263-287 (1991). Student Report only (class file).
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Steinberg, Jacques. "Looking at Higher Education, Report Finds Vast Differences Among States." The New York Times (December 1, 2000).

Steinberg, Marjorie P. "State Higher Education Institutions and Funding Policies." Case example: The Connecticut State University System Strategies for Resource Management. NYU term paper for Financing Higher Education (May 1995).

Student Aid News. "California Must Recast Higher Education System, Policy Center Says." p. 8 (February 3, 1995).

Tarricone, Celeste. "Tuition-Indexing Plans Gain Support Among Politicians, but Worry College Officials." Chronicle of Higher Education (September 19, 1997).

U.S. Congress. Slamming Shut The Doors To College: The State Budget Crisis and Higher Education (May 2002). See also: Losing Ground: A National Status Report on the Affordability of American Higher Education.

U.S. General Accounting Office (GAO). Information on State Tuition Prepayment Programs, pages 1-20. Report to Congressional Requesters. Washington, D.C.: GAO (August 1995). Student Report only (class file).

Walzer, Philip et al. "Virginia Colleges Slash Staffs, Programs; Gear Up for Tuition Hike." The Virginian-Pilot (October 17, 2002).

Winter, Greg. "B's, Not Need, Are Enough for Some State Scholarships." The New York Times (October 31, 2002).

Winter, Greg. "State College Cuts Make Graduating a Struggle." The New York Times (August 24, 2003).

Zook, Jim. "Republican Leaders Working on Plan to Shift Student-Aid Control to States." Chronicle of Higher Education (March 10, 1995).

Zumeta, William. "Meeting the Demand for Higher Education Without Breaking the Bank: A Framework for the Design of State Higher Education Policies for an Era of Increasing Demand." Journal of Higher Education, volume 67, number 4 (July-August 1996). Student Report only (class file).