Appendix Three:
Federal policy, research, etc.

Advisory Commission on Intergovernmental Relations. The Federal Role in the Federal System: The Dynamics of Growth---Volume VI: "The Evolution of a Problematic Partnership: The Feds and Higher Ed." A Commission Report. Washington, D.C. (May 1981). Also see Student Report (class file).

Advisory Committee on Student Financial Assistance. "Student Loan Program Simplification: Final Report." A Report to the Congress of the United States and the Secretary of Education. Washington, D.C.: Advisory Committee (July 1993).

Advisory Committee on Student Financial Assistance. "The Higher Education Amendments of 1998: Meeting the Committee's New Challenges." Briefing document (September 1998).

Advisory Committee on Student Financial Assistance. Access Denied: Restoring The Nation's Commitment To Equal Educational Opportunity. Washington, D.C.: Advisory Committee (February 2001). See also Stephen Burd story and New York Times (AP) story.

American Council on Education (ACE). The Impact of Federal Student Assistance on College Tuition Levels. Washington, D.C.: ACE (September 1997).

American Council on Education (ACE). 2003 Status Report on the Federal Education Loan Programs. Washington, D.C.: ACE (October 2003).

American Council on Education (ACE). 2003 Status Report on the Pell Grant Program. Washington, D.C.: ACE (October 2003).

American Institutes for Research (AIR). "Workforce Contingent Financial Aid: How States Link Financial Aid to Employment." Lumina Foundation (February 2004).

Andom, Mary. "How Education Pays: College Board Report Lists Benefits for Individuals and Society." The Chronicle of Higher Education (September 13, 2007).

Arenson, Karen W. "College Tuition Again Rises More Than Nation's Inflation Rate." New York Times (September 26, 1996). See also Gose, Ben for related story.

Arenson, Karen W. "Aid Cuts Put College Beyond Reach of Poorest Students." New York Times (January 27, 1997).

Arnone, Michael. "Tax Credits Haven't Lifted College Attendance Among Low-Income Students, Study Finds." The Chronicle of Higher Education (October 13, 2003).

Astin, Alexander W. "Tying Tuition to the CPI: Why It Doesn't Add Up." The Chronicle of Higher Education (February 20, 2004).

Baum, Sandy. "The Federal Role in Financing Higher Education: An Economic Perspective." Paper commissioned by the U.S. Department of Education for the National Conference on the Best Ways for the Federal Government to Help Students and Families Finance Higher Education (October 8, 1995).

Baum, Sandy and Diane Saunders. Life After Debt: Results of the National Student Loan Survey. Final report. Braintree, MA: Nellie Mae (February 1998).

Baum, Sandy. "Making Student Loans Harder to Get Won't Make Paying for College Easier." The Greentree Gazette (May 1998).

Boaz, David. "Cato Handbook for Congress: Department of Education." Cato Institute (1997?). Student Report only (class file).

Boyd, Joseph D. and Carol Wennerdahl. The Characteristics of Stafford Student Loan Borrowers In Repayment and The Impact of Educational Debt on Personal and Economic Life Decisions. Washington, D.C.: ACE (June 1993).

Brademas, John. The Politics of Education: Conflict and Consensus on Capitol Hill. University of Oklahoma Press (1987). Student Report only (class file).

Breneman, David W. "Rethinking the Allocation of Pell Grants." Paper commissioned by the U.S. Department of Education for the National Conference on the Best Ways for the Federal Government to Help Students and Families Finance Higher Education (October 8, 1995).

Breneman, David W. "For Colleges, This Is Not Just Another Recession." The Chronicle of Higher Education (June 14, 2002).

Burd, Stephen. "President Clinton Unveils Proposals to Ease Financial Burdens of College." The Chronicle of Higher Education (January 21, 2000).

Burd, Stephen. "Aid Experts Urge U.S. Lawmakers to Make Pell Grants a Federal Entitlement." The Chronicle of Higher Education (February 11, 2000).

Burd, Stephen. "A Grand National Assessment of College Costs Is Cut to Scale." Lawmakers and federal officials decline to ante up, leaving a much smaller study of questionable value. The Chronicle of Higher Education (April 7, 2000).

Burd, Stephen. "U.S. Education Faces 'Access Crisis' If Need-Based Aid Programs Are Not Revived, Report Says." The Chroncile of Higher Education (February 22, 2001). See also Advisory Committee report and New York Times (AP) story.

Burd, Stephen. "U.S. Lawmaker Plans Bill That Would Penalize Colleges That Raise Tuition Too Much." The Chronicle of Higher Education (March 6, 2003).

Burd, Stephen. "High Stakes on Tuition." Colleges must control it or face stiff penalties, key congressman says. The Chronicle of Higher Education (May 2, 2003).

Burd, Stephen. "Bush's Next Target?" The president may use the renewal of the Higher Education Act as an opportunity to attack colleges for high costs and dropout rates. The Chronicle of Higher Education (July 11, 2003).

Burd, Stephen. "Rep. McKeon's Plan to Penalize Colleges for Steep Tuition Increases Is Criticized in House Hearing." The New York Times (September 24, 2003).

Business Week. "A Better Way to Pay For College." Editorial (January 9, 1995).

Butler, Stuart M. and John S. Barry. "Taking the Anxiety Out of Paying for College: A Bond Market for Higher Education." Heritage Foundation Backgrounder (January 31, 1997). Student Report only (class file).

Carnegie Council on Policy Studies in Higher Education. Low or No Tuition: the Feasibility of a National Policy for the First Two Years of College. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass (1975).
Bobst: LB 2342.C28

Carnegie Council on Policy Studies in Higher Education. The Federal Role in Post-Secondary Education. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass (1975).
Bobst: LB 2342.C28 1975

Carnevale, Anthony P. and Louis Jacobson. "The Role of Pell Grants In The Employment and Training System." The College Board 25th Anniversary Pell Grant Conference, Washington, D.C. (November 13-14, 1997).

Carnevale, Dan. "Survey Finds 72% Rise in Number of Distance-Education Programs." The Chronicle of Higher Education (January 7, 2000).

Cartensen, Peter. "Colleges and Student Aid: Collusion or Competition?" The Chronicle of Higher Education (August 10, 2001).

Celis 3d, William. "Student Aid Is a Prime Target of G.O.P. Cost-Cutters." New York Times (February 15, 1995).

The Chronicle of Higher Education. "A Design-It-Yourself Student-Loan Program." (May 2, 2008.)

Cohn, Jonathan. "Anatomy of a Murder: How Corporate Lobbyists Plotted To Kill Off Direct Student Lending." Rolling Stone (November 30, 1995).

Cook, C. Lobbying for Higher Education: How Colleges and Universities Influence Federal Policy. Nashville, TN: Vanderbilt University Press (1998). Student Report only (class file).

Coolidge, Nancy and Maureen Budetti. "Federal Encroachment." Unpublished paper. University of California, Office of the President (1993).

Day, Jennifer Cheeseman and Eric C. Newburger. The Big Payoff: Educational Attainment and Synthetic Estimates of Work-Life Earnings. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Census Bureau (July 2002).

De Witt, Karen. "Student Loans Show Sharp Rise, Report Says." New York Times (September 22, 1995).

Doti, James L. "'Discounts' Make Colleges Much More Affordable for Low-Income Students." Chronicle of Higher Education (February 6, 1998).

Eberly, Donald. "A Supporting Role for the Federal Government in National Service." In Evers, Williamson (ed.) National Service Pro and Con, pages 222-239. Stanford, CA: Hoover Institution Press (1990). Student Report only (class file).

Fischer, Fred. "State Financing of Higher Education: A New Look at an Old Problem." Change magazine (1990 Jan/Feb).
Bobst: LB2300.C38 V 17- Micro 1984-

Fish, Stanley. "Give Us Liberty or Give Us Revenue." Should administrators at public universities accept reduced state support in return for more freedom? Sign me up. The Chronicle of Higher Education (October 31, 2003).

Fitzgerald, Brian. "The Opportunity for a College Education: Real Promise or Hollow Rhetoric?" About Campus (November-December 2003).

Foust, Dean. "Student Loans Ain't Broke. Don't Fix 'Em." Business Week (April 5, 1993). Also see Student Report (class file).

Gladieux, Lawrence E. "Federal Student Aid Policy: A History and An Assessment." Background paper commissioned by the U.S. Department of Education for the National Conference on the Best Ways for the Federal Government to Help Students and Families Finance Higher Education (October 8, 1995).

Gladieux, Lawrence E. and Robert D. Reischauer. "Higher Tuition, More Grade Inflation." Washington Post (September 4, 1996).

Gladieux, Lawrence E. and Arthur M. Hauptman. "A Fifty-Year Retrospective on Federal Student Aid Policy." In College Aid Quandary (pp. 1-37). Washington, D.C.: The Brookings Institution (1995). Student Report only (class file).

Glenn, David. "Economists Fault Tuition Information, Saying Reports Overstate Increases and What Students Pay." The Chronicle of Higher Education (January 6, 2004).

Gose, Ben. "Undergraduate Tuition Rises by an Average of 5%." Chronicle of Higher Education (October 4, 1996). See also Arenson, Karen for related story.

Gose, Ben. "Government Must Resolve Tuition-Discounting Predicament, Most Administrators Agree." The Chronicle of Higher Education (February 7, 2000).

Graham, Ellen. "Study Now, Pay Later: Students Pile On Debt." Wall Street Journal (August 11, 1995).

Hansen, W. Lee and Burton A. Weisbrod. "The Distribution of Costs and Direct Benefits of Public Higher Education: The Case of California." Journal of Human Resources Vol. 4, No. 2 (Spring 1969). Also see Student Report (class file).

Hartle, T. The Evolution of Higher Education Financing Alternatives. Paper presented at the Brookings Institute Conference on Changing Roles and Responsibilities in Financing Higher Education, Washington, D.C. (1988). In New Ways of Paying for College by Arthur M. Hauptman (see Hauptman).

Hauptman, Arthur M. "Cut the Cloth to Fit the Student: Tailoring the Federal Role in Postsecondary Education and Training." Paper commissioned by the U.S. Department of Education for the National Conference on the Best Ways for the Federal Government to Help Students and Families Finance Higher Education (October 8, 1995).

Hauptman, Arthur M. "Achieving the Initial Purposes of the Pell Grant Program." The College Board 25th Anniversary Pell Grant Conference, Washington, D.C. (November 13-14, 1997).

Hauptman, Arthur M. and Cathy S. Krop. Federal Student Aid and Tuition Growth--Examining the Relationship. New York, NY: Council for Aid to Education (1998).

Healy, Patrick. "Treasury Department Plans New Bonds That Could Help Pay for College Costs." Chronicle of Higher Education (May 31, 1996).

Healy, Patrick. "U.S. Sells New Bonds as Investment to Help With College Costs." Chronicle of Higher Education (March 7, 1997).

Hebel, Sara. "New Tax Credits Are Changing the Economics of Student Aid." A $400 increase in the maximum Pell Grant would cancel out other benefits for many recipients. The Chronicle of Higher Education (May 21, 1999).

Hebel, Sara. "Dashed Hopes for Increasing Access to Higher Education." Experience of California students shows why federal tax breaks may not achieve their goal. The Chronicle of Higher Education (October 22, 1999).

Hebel, Sara. "In Year 2 of Tuition Tax Credits, Colleges Cope Better, but Still Complain." Institutions develop procedures for handling forms and student inquiries, but press lawmakers to ease reporting requirements. The Chronicle of Higher Education (April 21, 2000).

Henry, Tamara. "Helping the Middle Class Afford College." USA Today (August 11, 1993).

Henry, Tamara. "Students' Heavy Borrowing May Affect Future." USA Today (June 4, 1996).

Henry, Tamara and Mimi Hall. "The Economics of Education." Experts give tax credit mixed marks. USA Today (June 6, 1996).

Honan, William H. "Panel Suggests Ways to Trim Cost of College." New York Times (January 22, 1998).

Honan, William H. "Growing Gap Is Found in College Affordability and Grants to Needy Students." The Chronicle of Higher Education (November 18, 1998).

Immerwahr, John. Taking Responsibility---Leaders' Expectations of Higher Education. Washington, D.C.: The National Center for Public Policy and Higher Education (January 1999).

Institute for Higher Education Policy, et al. Student Loan Debt: Problems and Prospects. Proceedings from a National Symposium, December 10, 1997. Washington, D.C.: IHEP (1998).

Institute for Higher Education Policy. "The Policy of Choice: Expanding Students Options in Higher Education." Washington, D.C.: IHEP (August 2002).

Jepsen, Keith. "Direct Lending: How to Improve Implementation." Report prepared under contract to the National Commission on Responsibilities for Financing Postsecondary Education. 47 pages. New York, NY: New York University (March 1993). Summary available from ERIC Clearinghouse on Higher Education, George Washington University, Washington D.C.. Choose "Search ERIC" and select "Keyword" for settings: ERIC number--ED372674, or Author--Jepsen.

Jepsen, Keith et al. "Direct Loan and FFEL: One School Compares Student Satisfaction with the Programs." NASFAA Journal of Student Financial Aid, Vol. 27, No. 2 (Spring 1997). Summary available from ERIC Clearinghouse on Higher Education, George Washington University, Washington, D.C.. Choose "Search ERIC" and select "Keyword" for settings: ERIC number--ED403852, or Author--Jepsen.

Jesdanun, Anick. "House Education Chairman Vows to Curb Tuition Costs." Centre Daily Times, State College, PA (January 6, 1997).

Johnstone, D. Bruce. "Starting Points: Fundamental Assumptions Underlying the Principles and Policies of Federal Financial Aid to Students." Paper commissioned by the U.S. Department of Education for the National Conference on the Best Ways for the Federal Government to Help Students and Families Finance Higher Education (October 8, 1995).

Kim, Jane J. "Interest Rates Fall For Student Loans Despite Fed Move." The Wall Street Journal (July 6, 2004).

King, Jacqueline E. 2000 Status Report on the Pell Grant Program. Washington, D.C.: American Council on Education (2000).

Kipp III, Samuel M. "Demographic Trends and Their Impact on the Future of the Pell Grant Program." The College Board 25th Anniversary Pell Grant Conference, Washington, D.C. (November 13-14, 1997).

Koselka, Rita and Suzanne Oliver. "Why The Department of Education Shouldn't Take Over the Student Loan Program." Forbes (May 22, 1995).

Kramer, Martine. "Linking Access and Aspirations: The Dual Purpose of Pell Grants." The College Board 25th Anniversary Pell Grant Conference, Washington, D.C. (November 13-14, 1997).

Lederman, Douglas. "Aid for Whom?" Clinton proposes new merit scholarships, but some question his priorities. Chronicle of Higher Education (February 2, 1996).

Lederman, Douglas. "Republican Lawmakers Seek to Extend Prepaid-Tuition Tax Break to Private Colleges." Chronicle of Higher Education (September 16, 1998).

Lee, John B. "The Impact of Pell Grants on Student Persistence." The College Board 25th Annivesary Pell Grant Conference, Washington, D.C. (November 13-14, 1997).

Lipsky, David. "Young, Eager, and Deep in Debt." New York Times (December 29, 1994).

Long, Bridget Terry. "The Impact of Federal Tax Credits for Higher Education Expenses." Chicago: University of Chicago Press and the National Bureau of Economic Research (September 4, 2003).

Macro International Inc. Direct Loan Evaluation--Survey of Institutions Participating in the Federal Direct Loan and Federal Family Education Loan Programs: Academic Year 1995-96. Volume One--Summary Report. Calverton, MD: Macro International Inc. (1997).

Macro International Inc. Direct Loan Evaluation--Survey of Institutions Participating in the Federal Direct Loan and Federal Family Education Loan Programs: Academic Year 1995-96. Volume Two--Technical Appendices. Calverton, MD: Macro International Inc. (1997).

Macro International Inc. Direct Loan Evaluation--Assessment of Department of Education Administration: Academic Year 1996-97. Volume Two--Summary Report. Calverton, MD: Macro International Inc. (September 1997).

Marcy, Mary B. "Why Foundations Have Cut Back in Higher Education" The Chronicle of Higher Education (July 25, 2003).

Mattox Jr., William. "A Gap Girl Goes to College on Uncle Sam." USA Today (January 14, 1997).

McCormick, Joe L. "The Role of the Federal Government in Student Financial Aid: A History." In Journal of Student Financial Aid, no. 11 (May 1972).

McKeon, Howard P. "Controlling the Price of College." The Chronicle of Higher Education (July 11, 2003).

McPherson, Michael S. and Morton Owen Schapiro. "Priorities for Federal Student Aid Policy: Looking Beyond Pell." The College Board 25th Anniversary Pell Grant Conference, Washington, D.C. (November 13-14, 1997).

McPherson, Michael S. and Morton Owen Schapiro. "Gaining Control of the Free-for-All in Financial Aid." The Chronicle of Higher Education (July 2, 1999).

Mingle, James R. "Goals for Federal/State Policy in the 21st Century: Affordability, Mobility, and Learning Productivity." Paper commissioned for the National Conference on the Best Ways for the Federal Government to Help Students and Families Finance Higher Education (October 8, 1995).

Morgan, Richard. "Federal Aid Policies Fail to Provide Real Choices for Low-Income Students, Report Says." The Chronicle of Higher Education (August 8, 2002).

Morgan, Richard. "Lawmakers and Educators Spar Over College Costs and Federal Student Aid." The Chronicle of Higher Education (October 4, 2002).

Mortenson, Thomas G. "State Appropriations for FY94 and FY95: Better for Higher Education But Still Not a High State Priority." Postsecondary Education Opportunity (February 1994).

Mortenson, Thomas G. "Restructuring Higher Education Finance: Shifting Financial Responsibility from Government to Students." Paper from the Eleventh Annual Financial Aid Research Network Conference of the National Association of State Scholarship and Grant Programs and the National Council of Higher Education Loan Programs. San Francisco (April 7, 1994).

Mortenson, Thomas G. "Updating the Refinancing of Higher Education through the National Income and Product Accounts." Postsecondary Education Opportunity (February 1995).

Mortenson, Thomas G. "Student Price Response Coefficients." Postsecondary Education Opportunity (June 1995).

Mulhauser, Dana. "Student Aid Rose Sharply Over the Past Four Years, Study Finds." The Chronicle of Higher Education (July 31, 2001).

National Association of Student Financial Aid Administrators (NASFAA). "What are Politicians Doing about the High Cost of College?; Bush Administration, Democrats Get New Lessons in Politics of Higher Education; Good News About Who is Going to College." Transcript of CNN's "Inside Politics" Program on Postsecondary Education. Washington, D.C.: NASFAA (May 3, 2002).

National Center for Education Statistics (NCES). The Condition of Education. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of Education. (See also nces.ed.gov/programs/coe for updates, etc.).

National Center for Education Statistics (NCES). National Postsecondary Student Aid Study 1995-96: Student Financial Aid Estimates for Federal Aid Recipients 1995-96. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of Education (October 1996).

National Center for Education Statistics (NCES). Postsecondary Financing Strategies: How Undergraduates Combine Work, Borrowing, and Attendance. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of Education (February 1998).

National Center for Education Statistics (NCES). Student Financing of Graduate and First-Professional Education, 1995-96. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of Education (May 1998).

National Center for Education Statistics (NCES). Profile of Undergraduates in U.S. Postsecondary Education Institutions, 1995-96. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of Education (May 1998).

National Center for Education Statistics (NCES). Student Financing of Undergraduate Education: 1995-96. With an Essay on Student Loans. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of Education (November 1998).

National Center for Education Statistics (NCES). Distance Education at Postsecondary Education Institutions: 1997-98. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of Education (December 1999).

National Center for Education Statistics (NCES). Trends in Undergraduate Borrowing: Federal Student Loans in 1989-90, 1992-93, and 1995-96. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of Education (March 2000).

National Center for Education Statistics (NCES). Low-Income Students: Who They Are and How They Pay for Their Education. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of Education (March 2000).

National Center for Education Statistics (NCES). Middle Income Undergraduates: Where They Enroll and How They Pay for Their Education. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of Education (July 2001).

National Center for Education Statistics (NCES). National Postsecondary Student Aid Study: Student Financial Aid Estimates for 1999-2000. Washington,D.C.: U.S. Department of Education (July 2001). See also Chronicle article.

National Center for Education Statistics (NCES). Federal Support for Education: Fiscal Years 1980 to 2001. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of Education (November 2001).

National Center for Education Statistics (NCES). Fall Enrollment in Title IV Degree-Granting Postsecodnary Institutions: 1998. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of Education (November 2001).

National Center for Education Statistics (NCES). Student Financing of Undergraduate Education: 1999-2000. Statistical Analysis Report. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of Education (July 2002).

National Center for Education Statistics (NCES). What Students Pay for College: Changes in Net Price of College Attendance Between 1992-93 and 1999-2000. Statistical Analysis Report. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of Education (September 2002).

National Center for Education Statistics (NCES). What Colleges Contribute: Institutional Aid to Full-Time Undergraduates Attending 4-Year Colleges and Universities. Postsecondary Eduation Descriptive Analysis Report. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of Education (April 2003).

National Center for Education Statistics (NCES). How Families of Low- and Middle-Income Undergraduates Pay for College: Full-Time Dependent Students in 1999-2000. Postsecondary Education Descriptive Analysis Report. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of Education (June 2003).

National Center for Education Statistics (NCES). Getting Ready to Pay for College. What Students and Their Parents Know About the Cost of College Tuition and What They Are Doing to Find Out. (Statistical Analysis Report.) Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of Education (September 2003).

National Center for Education Statistics (NCES). Congressionally Mandated Studies of College Costs and Prices. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of Education (September 2003).

National Center for Education Statistics (NCES). Federal Support for Education, FY 1980 to FY 2003. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of Education (August 2004).

National Center for Education Statistics (NCES). A Decade of Undergraduate Student Aid: 1989-90 to 1999-2000. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of Education (September 2004).

National Commission on the Cost of Higher Education. Straight Talk About College Costs and Prices. Final report. Washington, D.C.: National Commission on the Cost of Higher Education (January 21, 1998).

National Institute of Independent Colleges and Universities. The Array of Federal Regulations Facing Independent Colleges and Universities. Washington, D.C.: NIICU (January 1992).

Nettles, Michael T. "Pursuing Broader Participation and Greater Benefit from Federal College Student Financial Aid." Toward New Purposes, Guidelines, and Requirements for a More Efficient and Effective College Student Aid Program. Paper commissioned for the National Conference on the Best Ways for the Federal Government to Help Students and Families Finance Higher Education (October 8, 1995).

The New York Times (AP). "Students May Be Shut Out of College." (February 21, 2001). See also Advisory Committee report and Stephen Burd story.

Norris, Floyd. "Owners Get Short Shrift at Sallie Mae." The New York Times, Market Watch (March 16, 1997).

Owen, Mary. "Colleges Object to Proposed Requirements for Reporting Their Costs." Chronicle of Higher Education (June 26, 1998).

Postrel, Virginia I. "Clinton's College Plan: Educational Inflation." Washington Post (March 30, 1997).

Quinn, Jane Bryant. "Give It a Chance: Congress threatens to limit the president's new student-loan plan." Newsweek p. 43 (February 6, 1995).

Rigney, Megan. "An Investigation into the Antitrust Case Against MIT and the Overlap Group." NYU term paper for Financing Higher Education (May 1995).

Rivlin, Alice M. The Role of the Federal Government in Financing Higher Education. Washington, D.C.: The Brookings Institution (1961). Also see Student Report (class file).

Robinson, D. "Federal Tax Policy and Higher Education: Assissing Recent Developments." Impact and Challenges of a Changing Federal Role, V.A. Hodgkinson (ed.). New Directions for Institutional Research, no. 45. San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass (March 1985). Student Report only (class file).

Roche, George. "The Politics of Funding." The Fall of the Ivory Tower, pp. 75-99. Washington, D.C.: Regnery Publishing (1994). Also see Student Report (class file).

Schoenberg, Tom. "Student Borrowing Increases, Following Changes in Federal Policy." Chronicle of Higher Education (September 29, 1995).

Selingo, Jeffrey. "AmeriCorps at 5 Years: a Success, but Not in the Way Clinton Hoped." Programs win praise, but role in student aid is inconsequential. Chronicle of Higher Education (September 25, 1998).

Southern Regional Education Board (SREB) Distance Learning Policy Laboratory. Using Finance Policy to Reduce Barriers to Distance Learning. (August 2002).

Southern Regional Education Board (SREB) Distance Learning Policy Laboratory. Creating Financial Aid Programs That Work for Distance Learners. (September 2002).

St. John, Edward P. Public Policy and College Access: Investigating the Federal and State Roles in Equalizing Postsecondary Opportunity. AMS Press (2004). See article: "New Book Accuses Education Department's Statistics Center of Errors That Skewed Policy Making."

Steelman, L. and B. Powell. "Doing the Right Thing: Race and Parental Locus of Responsibility for Finding College." In Sociology of Education, Vol. 66, pp. 223-244 (October 1993). Student Report only (class file).

Student Aid News. "Government Should Help Students Through College." p. 1 (September 1, 1995).

Student Aid News. "Tuition Increases Don't Deter Students From College." p. 3 (September 1, 1995).

www.studentloanfacts.org (resource website).

Sugin, Amy. "A Civilian G.I. Bill: Ingenious or Impossible?" NYU term paper for Financing Higher Education (May 1995).

Sutterlin, Rebecca and Robert A. Kominski. Dollars for Scholars: Postsecondary Costs and Financing, 1990-91. U.S. Bureau of the Census, Current Population Reports. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office (1994).

TERI (The Education Resources Institute). Taxing Matters. College Aid, Tax Policy, and Equal Opportunity. Boston, MA: TERI (February 1997).

Turner, Sarah. "The Vision and Reality of Pell Grants: Unforseen Consequences for Students and Institutions." The College Board 25th Anniversary Pell Grant Conference, Washington, D.C. (November 13-14, 1997).

USA Today. "A Consensus Emerges on Funding Education." Editorial: two opposing views. (January 30, 1997).

USA Today. "College costs clarified, criticized." (January 15, 1998).

U.S. Census Bureau. Postsecondary Students, Costs, and Financial Aid. Washington, D.C.

U.S. Department of Education, Washington, D.C.

U.S. Department of Education--Office of Postsecondary Education, Washington, D.C.

U.S. Department of Education. Financing Postsecondary Education: The Federal Role. Proceedings of The National Conference on the Best Ways for the Federal Government to Help Students and Families Finance Postsecondary Education. College of Charleston; Charleston, South Carolina (October 1995).

U.S. Department of Education. Strategic Plan, 1998-2002 (September 30, 1997).

U.S. Department of Education. Factors Related to College Enrollment. Final report prepared for the Office of the Under Secretary (1998).

U.S. Department of Education. Managing the Price of College (2001).

U.S. General Accounting Office (GAO). Higher Education: Tuition Increasing Faster Than Household Income and Public Colleges' Costs. Report. Washington, D.C.: GAO (August 1996).

U.S. General Accounting Office (GAO). Student Loans: Selected Characteristics of Schools in Two Major Federal Loan Programs. Report to the Chairman, Committee on the Budget, House of Representatives. Washington, D.C.: GAO (January 1997).

U.S. General Accounting Office (GAO). "Higher Education: Tuition Increases and Colleges' Efforts to Contain Costs." Report to the Honorable Charles E. Schumer, House of Representatives. Washington, D.C.: GAO (September 1998).

U.S. General Accounting Office (GAO). "Federal Student Aid: Expanding Eligibility for Less Than Halftime Students Could Increase Program Costs, But Benefits Uncertain." Report to Congressional Requesters. Washington, D.C.: GAO (September 2003).

Waldman, Steven. "How Washington Tries to Strangle Even the Best Ideas." The Washington Monthly (January/February 1995).

Waldman, Steven. The Bill (National Service). New York, NY: Viking Penguin (1995). Also see Student Report (class file).

Washington Post. "The Student Loan Fight." (August 11, 1995).

Will, George F. "The Education Bubble and a Saturated Job Market." Washington Post, page C07 (March 30, 1997).

Wolanin, Thomas R. "A Primer on the Reauthorization of the Higher Education Act." The Process, Stakes, and Prospects. Change (November/December 1997).

Wolanin, Thomas R. "Pell Grants: A 25-Year History." The College Board 25th Anniversary Pell Grant Conference, Washington, D.C. (November 13-14, 1997).

Wood, Peter W. "The Harm Done by Excessive Federal Aid to Students." Chronicle of Higher Education (May 9, 1997).

Zook, Jim. "The End of Interest Subsidies?" Chronicle of Higher Education (November 23, 1994).

Zook, Jim. "Clinton Plan to Help Middle Class Pay for College Gets Mixed Reaction; Some See Welcome Relief but Others Fear Consequences for Needy Students." Chronicle of Higher Education (January 6, 1995).

Zook, Jim. "Poll Shows Americans Overwhelmingly Back Federal Support for Student Aid." Chronicle of Higher Education (February 10, 1995).